Unix, Linux, and BSD: Konsol için kullanışlı komutlar

Help Commands

man – Online manual
whatis – Displays manual descriptions

File and Directory Commands

ls – Lists directory contents
pwd – Prints the current directory
cd – Change directories
mv – Move files
cp – Copy files
rm – Delete files
mkdir – Create directories
rmdir – Remove directories
find – Search for files (slow)
locate – Search for files (faster)
whereis – Display binary file location
which – Display binary file location
file – Display file type
size – Display file size
stat – Display file statistics
fuser – Identify open files
touch – Update file timestamps
lsof – List open files
cksum – Calculate checksum
md5sum – Calculate md5sum
ln – Create a link
alias – Display/edit command aliases
gzip – Compress files
gunzip – Uncompress files
shred – Securely delete files
head – Display the head of a file
tail – Display the tail of a file
tee – Display and redirect output
sort – Sort input files/streams
grep – Display matching results
tree – Display directory tree
more – Display files one page at a time
less – Display files one page at a time
wc – Count words/lines/letters
cat – Display files
zcat – Display compresses files
diff – Show differences between files
strings – Display printable characters
sed – Text editing utility
awk – Text process utility
dos2unix – Convert DOS files to Unix
unix2dos – Convert Unix files to DOS

Editors

nano – Simple text editor
vi – Advanced text editor
emacs – Ultimate text editor

Other Utilities

clear – Clear terminal screen
date – Display the date
cal – Display a calendar
watch – Monitor a command
env – Display environment variables
history – Display command history
logout – Logout of the shell
exit – Exit the shell

Users and Groups

su – Switch users
sudo – Run a program as another user
id – Display user identity
ulimit – Display user limits
who – Display who is logged in
w – Display what users are doing
users – Display active user accounts
last – Display last user logins
lastlog – Display all user’s last login
wall – Send a message to all users
whoami – Display current user id
finger – Display information about a user
chown – Change file/directory ownership
chgrp – Change file/directory group
chmod – Change file/directory permissions
umask – Display or set umask settings
passwd – Set/change password
useradd – Create user accounts
userdel – Delete user accounts
usermod – Modify user accounts
groupadd – Create group accounts
groupdel – Delete group accounts
groupmod – Modify group accounts

Process Control

ps – Display running processes
pgrep – Search for running processes
pidof – Search for PID by name
pstree – Displays process in tree view
kill – Terminate a process by PID
killall – Terminal a process by name
nice – Run a program with a modified priority
renice – Adjust a programs priority
nohup – Run a program immune to hang-ups
& – Run a program in the background
bg – Move a job to the background
jobs – Display running jobs
fg – Move a job to the foreground

Startup and Shutdown

shutdown – Shutdown the computer
poweroff – Poweroff the computer
halt – Halt the computer
runlevel – Display the current runlevel
telinit – Change runlevel
service – Stop and stop services
sysv-rc-conf – Runlevel configuration editor
update-rc.d – Debian runlevel editor
rc-update – Gentoo runlevel editor
rc-status – Gentoo service monitor

Networking Commands

hostname – Display the system hostname
domainame – Display the system domain
ifconfig – Manage network interfaces
ifup – Start network interfaces
ifdown – Stop network interfaces
iwconfig – Manage wireless interfaces
iwlist – Display wireless information
ethtool – Display network card info
arp – Display the ARP cache
ping – Send ICMP echo requests
traceroute – Trace network paths
tracepath – Trace network paths
nslookup – Query DNS servers
dig – Query DNS servers
host – Query DNS servers
whois – Query the whois database
dhclient – Linux DHCP client
netstat – Display network status
route – Manage network routes
tcpdump – Capture network packets
nmap – Scan remote computers
wavemon – Monitor wireless connections
smbtree – Display SMB servers/shares
nmblookup – Look up NetBIOS information
mount – Mount file systems
showmount – Show mounted file systems
umount – Unmount file systems
ssh – SSH client
telnet – Telnet client
ftp – FTP client
ncftp – Scriptable FTP client
mail – Email client
rsync – Rsync client

Hardware Commands

lspci – List PCI devices
pcidump – List PCI devices
lsusb – List USB devices
lshw – List hardware devices
lspcmcia – List PCMCIA devices
lshal – Display all system hardware
hdparm – Configure hard drives
eject – Eject removable media

Scheduling

batch – Run processes when the CPU is free
at – Run processes at a specific time
atq – Display the at queue
atrm – Remove jobs from the at queue
crontab – Display/edit cron jobs

File System Commands

fdisk – Partition editor
parted – Partition editor
mkfs – Create file systems
fsck – Check file systems
mkswap – Create swap space
swapon – Activate swap space
swapoff – Deactivate swap space
sync – Flush disk cache

Backup Commands

tar – Archive utility
dd – File copy utility
dump – Incremental backup utility
restore – Restore dump backups
mt – Tape device utility
cpio – Archive utility

Monitoring Commands

top – Performance monitor
mpstat – Performance monitor
vmstat – Virtual memory monitor
iostat – I/O performance monitor
nfsstat – NFS performance monitor
free – Display memory usage
df – Display disk usage
du – Display disk usage
uname – Display system information
uptime – Display system uptime
lsmod – List kernel modules
modinfo – Display module information
dmesg – Display kernel messages
strace – System trace debugger
ltrace -Library trace debugger
ipcs – IPC monitor
sysctl – Configure kernel parameters

Printing Commands

lp – Print files
lpstat – Display printer status
lpq – Display print queue
lprm – Remove print jobs
cancel – Cancel print jobs
enable – Enable a printer
disable – Disable a printer

Software Commands

dpkg – Debian package manager
apt-get – Debian package utility
rpm – Red Hat package manager
yum – Red Hat Package Utility
emerge – Gentoo Package Utility
pkg_add – BSD installation utility
pkg_delete – BSD uninstallation utility
make – Compile software from source

Veri Dosyalarını Şifreleme

GnuPG ile
[root@localhost ~]# gpg -c sifrelenecek-dosya.txt
Enter passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:

Dosya uzantisi gpg olarak değişecektir.

Şifreyi çözmek için
[root@localhost ~]# gpg sifrelenecek-dosya.gpg
Enter passphrase:

ipcop 445 SSL portu değiştirmek

If you chose to edit the files manually, use the following steps:

1. Edit Apache configuration files
   1. Connect to IPCOP via SSH using port 222
      (on Windows connect using Putty[10] [see section 3.9 for more information on using Putty])
   2. Type ’cd /etc/httpd/conf’
   3. Type ’vi httpd.conf’
   4. Find and replace all instances of 445 (only two entries to change) with the port number you wish to use
   5. save and close httpd.conf
   6. restart apache (type: killall httpd and then httpd -DSSL)
2. Change the port forwarding reserves
   1. Edit ’/home/httpd/cgi-bin/portfw.cgi’
   2. Find line that looks like this: my @tcp_reserved = (81,222,445);
      change the 445 to the same port you changed above
   3. Save the changes
3. Edit IPCOP header file
   1. Edit ’/var/ipcop/header.pl’
   2. Change the following to reflect your new port
      

      ### Make sure this is an SSL request if ($ENV{’SERVER_ADDR’} && $ENV{’HTTPS’} ne ’on’) { print ”Status: 302 Moved\r\n”; print ”Location: https:#$ENV{’SERVER_ADDR’}:445/$ENV{’PATH_INFO’}\r\n\r\n”; exit 0; }